Schizophrenia Treatment Coverage Provided by the Public and Private Health Systems of Chile.

Since health care delivery in Chile was comprehensively reformed in 2005, treating schizophrenia for its populace has been guaranteed, regardless of individuals' type of health insurance coverage. The implementation of this national schizophrenia treatment program has facilitated timely access to care for Chileans with a first episode of schizophrenia, particularly for publicly insured individuals. Although this reform has benefited 98% of the population, significant challenges remain. These include the transition to new evidence-based interventions, such as coordinated specialty care with multielement interventions, and the development of an information system that permits monitoring and improvement of quality of care and treatment outcomes.

Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata

[RESUMEN]. El presente artículo identifica estrategias que han contribuido al desarrollo de la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile y analiza algunos aprendizajes de este proceso. Se destacan la formulación de planes nacionales de salud mental, el desarrollo gradual de un sistema de información, la inversión de fondos adicionales, la creación de programas y orientaciones; el desarrollo de recursos humanos, el posicionamiento de la salud mental en las redes integradas de servicios de salud, el apoyo al desarrollo biopsicosocial de la infancia, el modelo de atención familiar y comunitario, el reforzamiento de liderazgos y alianzas entre salud y servicios sociales. Como indicadores de la capacidad de respuesta se muestran el aumento de recursos para salud mental en atención primaria, tanto financieros como en la cantidad y capacitación de profesionales, y el aumento de procesos de salud mental en atención primaria, destacándose la tasa de personas en tratamiento por trastornos mentales y las prestaciones de apoyo al desarrollo de la infancia. Se analizan diversos factores que han contribuido a los avances de la atención primaria en salud mental, así como algunas debilidades de este proceso. Como conclusión, se muestra a otros países de la Región la factibilidad de avanzar hacia los postulados de Alma-Ata, implementando gradualmente cambios sustanciales en la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental. Para este efecto, se recomienda aumentar la calidad y cantidad de la investigación en el tema, con metodologías que permitan comparaciones entre distintos países de la Región.

[ABSTRACT]. This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services. Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development. The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

[RESUMO]. O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais. Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura. No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstrase aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

[Analysis of Governance in the Implementation of the Chilean Community Mental Health ModelAnálise da governança na implementação do modelo comunitário de saúde mental no Chile]. / Análisis de la gobernanza en la implementación del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile.

This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

[Mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile: a contribution to Alma-AtaCapacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile: uma contribuição de Alma-Ata]. / Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata.

This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services.Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development.The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais.Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura.No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstra-se aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

Análisis de la gobernanza en la implementación del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile / Analysis of Governance in the Implementation of the Chilean Community Mental Health Model / Análise da governança na implementação do modelo comunitário de saúde mental no Chile

RESUMEN El presente artículo describe y analiza el rol que ha jugado la gobernanza en el desarrollo del modelo comunitario de salud mental en Chile. Se describen y analizan cinco dimensiones de la gobernanza: 1) el desarrollo de una serie de estrategias para favorecer la participación de los usuarios de servicios de salud mental ha logrado resultados insuficientes; 2) la implementación de tres planes nacionales de salud mental, que han mantenido la misma visión estratégica a lo largo de tres décadas, han contribuido a aumentar la accesibilidad a la atención comunitaria de las personas con enfermedades mentales y disminuir el rol de los hospitales psiquiátricos; 3) la inexistencia de una ley de salud mental persiste aún como un desafío, aunque haya sido parcialmente compensada por distintas leyes y decretos; 4) las regulaciones en la asignación de los recursos financieros, la formación del recurso humano y las directrices técnicas han contribuido a mejorar el acceso y la calidad de la atención; y 5) la construcción progresiva de un sistema de información en salud mental ha permitido conocer principalmente las tasas de acceso, las brechas de tratamiento y las inequidades geográficas. La experiencia chilena confirma la importancia de aplicar un conjunto de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza, para favorecer el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud mental. El tipo de estrategias y mecanismos de gobernanza podrán variar en los distintos países según los contextos y las ventanas de oportunidades.

ABSTRACT This article describes and analyzes the role of governance in the development of the Chilean community mental health model. It describes and analyzes five dimensions of governance: 1) the implementation of a series of strategies to encourage the participation of users of mental health services has yielded limited results; 2) the implementation of three national mental health plans with the same strategic vision over the course of three decades has helped increase access to community care for people with mental illness and diminish the role of psychiatric hospitals; 3) the lack of a mental health law remains a challenge, although a series of laws and decrees has partially compensated for this; 4) financial resource allocation regulations, human resources education, and technical guidelines have helped improve access and the quality of care; and 5) the gradual development of a mental health information system has provided knowledge, primarily on access rates, treatment gaps, and geographical inequities. The Chilean experience confirms the importance of implementing a set of governance strategies and mechanisms to promote the development and operation of mental health services. The type of governance strategies and mechanisms can vary from country to country, depending on the context and windows of opportunity.

RESUMO O presente artigo descreve e analisa o papel da governança no desenvolvimento do modelo de saúde mental comunitária no Chile. São descritas e analisadas cinco dimensões da governança: 1) o desenvolvimento de uma série de estratégias para favorecer a participação dos usuários de serviços de saúde mental não tem obtido resultados satisfatórios; 2) a implementação de três planos nacionais de saúde mental, com a mesma visão estratégica ao longo de três décadas, tem contribuído para melhorar a acessibilidade à atenção comunitária de indivíduos com doenças mentais e restringir o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos; 3) a inexistência de uma legislação sobre saúde mental continua sendo um desafio, embora tenha sido em parte compensada por distintas leis e decretos; 4) as regulamentações para designação dos recursos financeiros, a capacitação de recursos humanos e as diretrizes técnicas têm servido para melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da atenção e 5) a construção progressiva de um sistema de informação em saúde mental tem possibilitado conhecer sobretudo o nível de acesso, as lacunas de tratamento e as desigualdades geográficas. A experiência chilena confirma a importância do uso de um conjunto de estratégias e mecanismos de governança para favorecer o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde mental. Várias estratégias e os mecanismos de governança podem ser usados em cada país de acordo com o contexto e a janela de oportunidades.

Capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile: una contribución a Alma-Ata / Mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile: a contribution to Alma-Ata / Capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile: uma contribuição de Alma-Ata

RESUMEN El presente artículo identifica estrategias que han contribuido al desarrollo de la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental en Chile y analiza algunos aprendizajes de este proceso. Se destacan la formulación de planes nacionales de salud mental, el desarrollo gradual de un sistema de información, la inversión de fondos adicionales, la creación de programas y orientaciones; el desarrollo de recursos humanos, el posicionamiento de la salud mental en las redes integradas de servicios de salud, el apoyo al desarrollo biopsicosocial de la infancia, el modelo de atención familiar y comunitario, el reforzamiento de liderazgos y alianzas entre salud y servicios sociales. Como indicadores de la capacidad de respuesta se muestran el aumento de recursos para salud mental en atención primaria, tanto financieros como en la cantidad y capacitación de profesionales, y el aumento de procesos de salud mental en atención primaria, destacándose la tasa de personas en tratamiento por trastornos mentales y las prestaciones de apoyo al desarrollo de la infancia. Se analizan diversos factores que han contribuido a los avances de la atención primaria en salud mental, así como algunas debilidades de este proceso. Como conclusión, se muestra a otros países de la Región la factibilidad de avanzar hacia los postulados de Alma-Ata, implementando gradualmente cambios sustanciales en la capacidad de respuesta de la atención primaria en salud mental. Para este efecto, se recomienda aumentar la calidad y cantidad de la investigación en el tema, con metodologías que permitan comparaciones entre distintos países de la Región.

ABSTRACT This article identifies strategies that have contributed to the development of mental health response capacity in primary care in Chile and analyzes some lessons learned from this process. It highlights the formulation of national mental health plans, the gradual development of an information system, the investment of additional resources, the creation of programs and guidelines, human resources development, the positioning of mental health in integrated health service delivery networks, support for biopsychosocial child development, the family and community care model, and the strengthening of leadership and partnerships between health and human services. Its indicators of response capacity are the increase in resources for mental health in primary care, both financial and staffing (that is, the number of professionals and the training provided to them), and the expansion of mental health treatment in primary care settings, notably the rate of people in treatment for mental illness and the support provided for child development. The article analyzes different factors that have contributed to advances in primary care delivery of mental health services, together with some weaknesses in this process. It concludes by demonstrating the feasibility of progress toward the goals of Alma-Ata to other countries in the Region, gradually implementing substantial changes in mental health response capacity in primary care. To this end, it recommends an improvement in the quality and quantity of research in this area through methodologies that permit comparisons between countries in the Region.

RESUMO O presente artigo identifica as estratégias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental no Chile e analisa alguns ensinamentos tirados neste processo. Nele se destacam a elaboração de planos nacionais de saúde mental, o desenvolvimento gradual do sistema de informação, o investimento de mais verbas, a criação de programas e diretrizes, o aperfeiçoamento dos recursos humanos, o posicionamento da saúde mental nas redes integradas de serviços de saúde, a ênfase ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial infantil, o modelo de atenção familiar e comunitária e o fortalecimento de lideranças e parcerias entre saúde e serviços sociais. Entre os indicadores da capacidade de resposta apresentados estão o aumento de subsídios à saúde mental na atenção primária, com mais recursos financeiros e um maior número de profissionais capacitados, e o investimento nos processos de saúde mental na atenção primária, com o aumento da taxa de pessoas em tratamento por transtornos mentais e serviços de puericultura. No artigo são examinados os fatores contribuintes para o avanço da atenção primária em saúde mental, bem como as deficiências deste processo. Em conclusão, demonstra-se aos outros países da Região a viabilidade do progresso rumo aos princípios de Alma-Ata, com a implementação gradual de reformas importantes na capacidade de resposta da atenção primária em saúde mental. Recomenda-se realizar mais estudos e pesquisas de qualidade nesta área com o uso de metodologias que possibilitem uma análise comparativa entre os países da Região.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and factors potentially associated in a population-based study in Medellin, Colombia.

The seroprevalence of hepatitis B (HB) and of potentially associated factors in Medellin, Colombia, were investigated 17years after the start of universal vaccination. Biological and sociodemographic data from a population survey with a multistage random sampling were analyzed in 6-64year old individuals. HB surface antigen, total HB core antibodies and HB surface antibodies, and in some cases IgM antibodies to HB core antigen, were tested in 2077 samples. Factors potentially associated with and natural, and vaccine immunity relative to susceptibility (absence of any marker) were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression. The prevalence of serological patterns was: chronic infection 0.20% (95% CI 0.11-0.71), vaccine immunity 25.10% (95% CI 21.72-28.83) and natural immunity 2.60% (95% CI 1.80-3.74). No markers were detected in 71.30% (95% CI 67.70-74.83) of the individuals and evidence of recent infection was not detected. Relative to the absence of markers, natural immunity was potentially associated with age (6-17years and 41-64years) and sleeping less than 6 hours, while vaccine immunity was associated with age (6-17years), reporting vaccination against HB, belonging to high socioeconomic strata, home ownership and being obese, after adjusting for other variables. These results may be a population effect of mass vaccination. It is recommended to complete the vaccination schedule and to study in detail, persistence of antibodies and the role of obesity and socioeconomic strata in the vaccine immunity.

Respeto a los derechos de las personas que se atienden en Servicios de Psiquiatría Ambulatoria en Chile / A survey about quality of care and user’s rights in Chilean psychiatric services

Background: Quality of care and respect for the rights of users are critical to achieve positive health outcomes and respond appropriately to the expectations of people, particularly if they have mental illnesses. Aim: To carry out a baseline diagnosis of quality of care and respect for rights in public outpatient psychiatric services. Material and Methods: Quality of care and respect for patients’ rights was assessed by a mental health professional and a trained psychiatric service user in 15 ambulatory psychiatric services. The WHO QualityRights instrument was used, reviewing documentation and making observations in each facility, as well as interviewing 146 patients, 148 health care workers and 64 relatives of patients. Results: A high level of achievement was accomplished in terms of discrimination-free health care, availability of psychotropic medications, lack of abuse or neglect and use of informed consents. A low level of achievement was found in terms of user support to cope with community living, access to education or work and participation in community activities, respect for user treatment preferences and preventive measures to avoid maltreatment and cruelty. Conclusions: Chile could improve the performance of psychiatry services having laws based on the “Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities” and standards of the World Health Organization, having national policies about quality of care and rights of users, reinforcing the community work of mental health care teams, reinforcing and informing users about their rights and promoting research on interventions to improve the respect of their rights.

Seroprevalence of mumps in an epidemic period in Medellín, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: We related seroprevalence and outbreaks data in order to identify factors that could explain the occurrence of outbreaks despite high vaccination coverage in Medellín Colombia. METHODS: Samples from a population seroprevalence data obtained in 2009 in a random survey were analyzed. IgG levels were determined for mumps using 2 commercial tests of 2119 individuals aged 6-64 years. A comparative analysis was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information of 98 epidemiological investigations of mumps outbreaks reported in 2009. RESULTS: Overall, seroprevalence was 91.6% (95% CI=89.3-93.5%). The age-specific seronegativity was 20.3% and 20.6% in age groups 11-15 years and 16-20 years respectively. Individuals aged 6-20 years were the most affected during outbreaks. In individuals born in 2003, a year after the change in the booster schedule from 10 to 5 years, the proportion of unvaccinated individuals (14%) and those who received only one dose of MMR (45%) increased substantially. On average, 23.5 days elapsed between the onset of symptoms in secondary cases and the outbreak investigation. CONCLUSION: Potential contributing factors for the occurrence of outbreaks of mumps were the relatively high prevalence of seronegativity among individuals aged 11-20 years, delays in investigation and control of outbreaks, and incomplete vaccination schedules.

[A survey about quality of care and user’s' rights in Chilean psychiatric services]. / Respeto a los derechos de las personas que se atienden en Servicios de Psiquiatría Ambulatoria en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Quality of care and respect for the rights of users are critical to achieve positive health outcomes and respond appropriately to the expectations of people, particularly if they have mental illnesses. AIM: To carry out a baseline diagnosis of quality of care and respect for rights in public outpatient psychiatric services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quality of care and respect for patients'’ rights was assessed by a mental health professional and a trained psychiatric service user in 15 ambulatory psychiatric services. The WHO QualityRights instrument was used, reviewing documentation and making observations in each facility, as well as interviewing 146 patients, 148 health care workers and 64 relatives of patients. RESULTS: A high level of achievement was accomplished in terms of discrimination-free health care, availability of psychotropic medications, lack of abuse or neglect and use of informed consents. A low level of achievement was found in terms of user support to cope with community living, access to education or work and participation in community activities, respect for user treatment preferences and preventive measures to avoid maltreatment and cruelty. CONCLUSIONS: Chile could improve the performance of psychiatry services having laws based on the “Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities” and standards of the World Health Organization, having national policies about quality of care and rights of users, reinforcing the community work of mental health care teams, reinforcing and informing users about their rights and promoting research on interventions to improve the respect of their rights.

[Differences on perceptions of quality of care and respect for rights in mental health between user, family and staff].

BACKGROUND: This study is based on the inadequate quality of care and respect for rights in mental health services and on differences in perceptions on these issues between users, families and staff in other countries. OBJECTIVES: To compare the perceptions of quality and respect of rights between users, families and staff in Chile. METHODS: In 15 randomized specialized outpatient facilities, 146 users, 64 families and 148 staff were interviewed applying the WHO QualityRights instrument. The interviews with users and families were conducted by a user and the interviews with staff were conducted by a mental health professional, both interviewers were external to the 15 centers and trained in the use of the instrument. RESULTS: Total scores for the set of 18 indicators studied show lower values among users and families compared with staff (p <0.001). In three of the four areas studied significant differences were observed, with users and relatives also perceiving a lower percentage of compliance with standards than did the staff. The area of rights to inclusion in the community was the one with the greatest difference among the three groups interviewed, with the 4 standards having significantly lower scores on users and their families CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study contribute to highlight the importance of mental health services really listening the voice of users and their families, in order to understand their needs and expectations about care. The need for users to actively participate in treatment decisions and implementing community interventions to promote greater social inclusion are also concluded.

Seroprevalencia de rubeola en Colombia: un analisis por cohorte de nacimiento / Soroprevalencia de rubeola em Colombia: analise por coorte de nascimento / Seroprevalence of rubella in Colombia: a birth-year cohort analysis

OBJETIVO : Estimar la seroprevalencia de rubéola y factores asociados. METODOS : Estudio de seroprevalencia poblacional con una muestra aleatoria de 2.124 individuos de seis a 64 años, representativa por edad, sexo y área en Medellín, Colombia, 2009. Se analizó la asociación de variables biológicas y socioeconómicas con la seroprotección para rubéola, según la cohorte del año de nacimiento antes (1954 a 1990) y después (1991 a 2003) del inicio de la vacunación universal. Se determinaron los títulos de IgG con pruebas de alta sensibilidad (AxSYM ® Rubella IgG – Laboratorio Abbott) y especificidad (VIDAS RUB IgG II ® – Laboratorio BioMerieux). Se estimaron proporciones y promedios ponderados derivados de un muestreo complejo incluyendo un factor de corrección por las diferencias en la participación por sexo. Se analizó la asociación de la protección por grupos de variables biológicas y sociales con un modelo de regresión logística, según la cohorte de nacimiento. RESULTADOS : Los títulos promedio de IgG fueron más altos en los nacidos antes del inicio de la vacunación (media 110 UI/ml; IC95% 100,5;120,2) que en los nacidos después (media 64 UI/ml; IC95% 54,4;72,8), p = 0,000. La proporción de protección fue creciente de 88,9% en los nacidos en 1990-1994, de 89,2% en 1995-1999 y de 92,1% en 2000 a 2003, posiblemente relacionado con la administración del refuerzo desde 1998. En los nacidos antes del inicio de la vacunación, la seroprotección estuvo asociada con el antecedente de contacto con casos (RD 2,6; IC95% 1,1;5,9), el estado de salud (RD 2,5; IC95% 1,05;6,0), el nivel de escolaridad (RD 0,2; IC95% 0,08;0,8) y los años de residencia del hogar en el barrio (RD 0,96; IC95% 0,98;1,0), luego de ajustar por todas las variables. En los nacidos después ...

OBJETIVO : Estimar a soroprevalência de rubéola e fatores associados. MÉTODOS : Estudo de soroprevalência em população a través de uma amostra aleatória de 2.124 indivíduos de seis a 64 anos, representativa por idade, sexo e área em Medellín, Colômbia, 2009. Foi analisada a associação de variáveis biológicas e socioeconômicas com a soroproteção para rubéola, de acordo com a coorte de nascimento antes (1954 a 1990) e depois (1991 a 2003) do inicio da vacinação universal. Foram determinados os títulos de IgG com testes de alta sensibilidade (AxSYM® Rubella IgG – Laboratório Abbott) e especificidade (VIDAS RUB IgG II® – Laboratório BioMerieux). Foram estimadas proporções e médias ponderadas derivadas de amostragem complexa incluindo um fator de correição pelas diferenças na participação por sexo. Foi analisada a associação da proteção por grupos de variáveis biológicas e sociais com um modelo de regressão logística, segundo a coorte de nascimento. RESULTADOS : As médias dos títulos de IgG foram maiores nos nascidos antes do inicio da vacinação (média 110UI/ml; IC95% 100,5;120,2) do que nos nascidos posteriormente (média 64 UI/ml; IC 95% 54,4;72,8), p = 0,000. A proporção de proteção foi crescente de 88,9% nos nascidos em 1990-1994, de 89,2% em 1995-1999 e de 92,1% em 2000 a 2003, provavelmente relacionado à administração do reforço desde 1998. A soroproteção esteve associada nos nascidos antes com o fato de ter contato com casos (RD 2,6; IC95% 1,1;5,9), o estado de saúde (RD 2,5; IC95% 1,05;6,0), o nível de escolaridade (RD 0,2; IC95% 0,08;0,8) e os anos morando no bairro (RD 0,96; IC95% 0,98;1,0), após ajuste por todas ...

OBJECTIVE : To estimate the seroprevalence of rubella and associated factors. METHODS : Population-based seroprevalence study in a random sample of 2,124 individuals, aged six to 64 years, representative by age, sex and area in Medellín, Colombia, 2009. Biological and socioeconomic variables were analyzed for their association with serum protection against rubella, according to birth-year cohort; those born before (1954-1990) and after (1991-2003) the introduction of universal immunization. Titer of IgG antibodies against the rubella virus was detected using a high sensitivity (AxSYM®Rubella IgG – Abbott Laboratories) and a high specificity test (VIDAS RUB IgG II®– BioMerieux Laboratories). Proportions and weighted averages derived from a complex sample, including a correction factor for differences in gender participation, were estimated. Association with protection for groups of biological and social variables according to birth cohort was analyzed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS : Titers of IgG antibodies were higher in those born before (mean 110 UI/ml, 95%CI 100.5;120.2) compared to those born after (mean 64 UI/ml; 95%CI 54.4;72.8; p = 0.000) the introduction of mass immunization. The proportion of protection increased from 88.9% in those born 1990-1994, to 89.2% in those born 1995-1999 and to 92.1% in those born between 2000 and 2003, possibly due to boosters being administered from 1998 onwards. In those born before the introduction of the immunization, seroprotection was associated with previous contact with cases (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.1;5.9), self- perceived health status (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.05;6.0), educational level (OR 0.2; 95%CI 0.08;0.8) and years of residence in the neighborhood (RD 0,96; 95%CI 0.98;1.0) after adjusting for all variables. In those born after, serum protection was associated with effective sleep time (OR 1,4; 95%CI 1.09;1.8) and self-perceived health status (OR 5.5; 95%CI ...

[Seroprevalence of rubella in Colombia: a birth-year cohort analysis]. / Seroprevalencia de rubeola en Colombia: un análisis por cohorte de nacimiento.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of rubella and associated factors. METHODS: Population-based seroprevalence study in a random sample of 2,124 individuals, aged six to 64 years, representative by age, sex and area in Medellín, Colombia, 2009. Biological and socioeconomic variables were analyzed for their association with serum protection against rubella, according to birth-year cohort; those born before (1954-1990) and after (1991-2003) the introduction of universal immunization. Titer of IgG antibodies against the rubella virus was detected using a high sensitivity (AxSYM® Rubella IgG--Abbott Laboratories) and a high specificity test (VIDAS RUB IgG II®--BioMerieux Laboratories). Proportions and weighted averages derived from a complex sample, including a correction factor for differences in gender participation, were estimated. Association with protection for groups of biological and social variables according to birth cohort was analyzed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Titers of IgG antibodies were higher in those born before (mean 110 UI/ml, 95%CI 100.5;120.2) compared to those born after (mean 64 UI/ml; 95%CI 54.4;72.8; p = 0.000) the introduction of mass immunization. The proportion of protection increased from 88.9% in those born 1990-1994, to 89.2% in those born 1995-1999 and to 92.1% in those born between 2000 and 2003, possibly due to boosters being administered from 1998 onwards. In those born before the introduction of the immunization, seroprotection was associated with previous contact with cases (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.1;5.9), self-perceived health status (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.05;6.0), educational level (OR 0.2; 95%CI 0.08;0.8) and years of residence in the neighborhood (RD 0,96; 95%CI 0.98;1.0) after adjusting for all variables. In those born after, serum protection was associated with effective sleep time (OR 1,4; 95%CI 1.09;1.8) and self-perceived health status (OR 5.5; 95%CI 1.2;23.8). CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence profile changed with the mass immunization plan, with higher titers of IgG antibodies in those born before the start of the immunization. It is recommended that the level of long-term protection be monitored and concerted action taken to improve potentially associated socioeconomic conditions.

Effects of a nutritional intervention with yogurt on lymphocyte subsets and cytokine production capacity in anorexia nervosa patients.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of probiotic therapy in immunocompromised subjects still need strong scientific evidences. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effects of yogurt on certain immunological parameters in anorexia nervosa (AN) patients during refeeding. METHODS: A parallel 10-week nutritional intervention with yogurt was conducted on a group of patients with AN and on a group of healthy adolescents (HA). In total, 16 AN patients and 16 HA consumed 375 g/d of yogurt containing L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus (groups AN-y and HA-y, respectively). The control groups for AN patients (n = 14) and healthy subjects (n = 19) consumed 400 ml/d of semi-skimmed milk (groups AN-c and HA-c, respectively). Blood lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry and the in vitro production of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha by PHA-stimulated PBMC was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: A significant combined effect of time and nutritional intervention was found for the CD8+ subset and IFN-gamma production, both in HA and AN patients. The CD8+ subset showed a significant increase after 10 weeks in HA-c and AN-c. As a consequence, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly lower in AN-c than in AN-y after treatment. A significant increase in IFN-gamma production was found after yogurt intake in AN-y, while it decreased significantly in AN-c. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the inclusion of yogurt in the refeeding therapy of AN patients may exert positive effects on the immunological markers related to the nutritional status of these patients, such as the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and the production of IFN-gamma by lymphocytes.

Indicators of nutritional status in restricting-type anorexia nervosa patients: a 1-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite severely reduced intakes, anorexia nervosa (AN) patients seem to maintain serum biochemical parameters within the safe limit. The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of some traditional serum biochemical indicators of nutritional status in a 1-year follow-up of patients with restricting-type AN. METHODS: 14 adolescent female patients were studied at four different time points: (1) on hospital admission (t0), (2) 1 month later (t1), (3) 6 months after admission (t6) and (4) 12 months after admission (t12). At each time point serum albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, complement factors C3 and C4, zinc and iron status were analysed. 15 healthy adolescents formed the control group. RESULTS: Among the liver-synthesised proteins, a significant time effect was only demonstrated on transferrin and C3 and C4 (ANOVA, P<0.05). Transferrin level in patients on admission was lower than in controls, increased significantly during the first month and showed an opposite pattern in subjects gaining and non-gaining weight between t1 and t12, decreasing only in the group failing to gain further weight. C3 and C4 decreased significantly in t12. Changes in ferritin and zinc showed significant negative correlations with changes in anthropometrical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in transferrin, C3 and C4 levels during the out-patient treatment reveal an increased risk of relapses after 1 year since hospital admission. Ferritin and zinc levels seem to be affected by the nutrient requirements for anabolic processes during nutritional recovery.